Forensic Investigation of Burn-Related Deaths: Differentiating Accidental, Suicidal, and Homicidal Cases

Abstract

Background: Burn-related deaths stance substantial challenges in forensic investigations due to the complication of discriminating between accidental, suicidal, and homicidal causes. Exact determination of the manner of death is critical for legal, judicial, and public health purposes. This study aimed to analyze the forensic features of burn-related deaths, appraise the efficiency of investigative techniques, and identify challenges and recommendations for enlightening forensic practices. Methods: This study was cross-sectional and descriptive and was designed to determine the forensic aspects of burn deaths in addition to accidental, suicidal, or homicidal differentiations. This study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. It took place from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024, and contained data collection and analysis from forensic investigations, and autopsy reports. Fifty participants related to the investigation of death by burns were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were verified from autopsy reports, toxicology data, histopathologic findings, and scene investigations records. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. Result: The majority (60%) showed accidental burns with irregular burn patterns and soot inhalation, among others. Suicidal burns (30%) were characterized using accelerants and targeted burns on the upper body, and psychogenic factors (depression as well as previous attempts) played a significant role. Homicidal burns (10%) were more often circumferential burns with defensive wounds and associated trauma. The scene investigation and autopsy findings were rated as the most effective methods (70% and 80% very effective, respectively). In comparison, the overlapping burn patterns (70%) and limited witness statements (60%) were cited as significant challenges. Suggestions included improved training for investigators (80%), increased access to advanced forensic tools (70%) and multidisciplinary collaboration (60%). Conclusion: The findings from this study shows to the existing literature on burn death forensic characteristics with evidential knowledge and investigative challenges. Of course, the innovative findings are not just relevant for research, but they should inform forensic professionals, policymakers and public health practitioners about how to formulate targeted prevention strategies, develop forensic techniques that will improve the reliability of diagnoses, and foster multidisciplinary collaboration.